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20. Where Could QQ Provide a Real Quantum Advantage?
20. Where Could QQ Provide a Real Quantum Advantage?
The most interesting quantum advantage may not be a calculation that finishes faster. Read more...
19. What Can a Quantum Learner Learn Directly?
19. What Can a Quantum Learner Learn Directly?
Suppose a quantum computer receives an unknown state. Read more...
18. QQ: What Does It Mean to Learn Quantum Data Quantumly?
18. QQ: What Does It Mean to Learn Quantum Data Quantumly?
Suppose a laboratory prepares an unknown quantum state $\rho$. Read more...
17. QC: Learning from Quantum Experiments with Classical AI
17. QC: Learning from Quantum Experiments with Classical AI
A quantum device runs an experiment. Read more...
16. CQ: Classical Data on Quantum Computers
16. CQ: Classical Data on Quantum Computers
Take a familiar machine-learning problem. Read more...
15. The Four Quadrants of Quantum Machine Learning
15. The Four Quadrants of Quantum Machine Learning
Suppose someone says: Read more...
14. AI for Quantum: Designing, Controlling, and Correcting Quantum Systems
14. AI for Quantum: Designing, Controlling, and Correcting Quantum Systems
A quantum computer is sometimes drawn as a neat box. Read more...
13. Why Quantum Science Is a Special Test for AI
13. Why Quantum Science Is a Special Test for AI
Imagine trying to learn about an object that changes when you look at it. Read more...
12. Who Decides? Human Judgment, Moral Values, and Responsibility in AI Science
12. Who Decides? Human Judgment, Moral Values, and Responsibility in AI Science
Imagine that an AI research system has spent the night evaluating thousands of possible experiments. Read more...
11. When Scientific Discovery Becomes Dangerous: Dual Use, Misuse, and AI Risk
11. When Scientific Discovery Becomes Dangerous: Dual Use, Misuse, and AI Risk
Imagine an AI system that becomes extraordinarily good at molecular design. Read more...
10. When Answers Become Abundant: What Is Left for Scientists?
10. When Answers Become Abundant: What Is Left for Scientists?
Imagine opening your inbox and finding 10,000 mathematical proofs. Read more...
09. Neural, Symbolic, and Neuro-Symbolic Science
09. Neural, Symbolic, and Neuro-Symbolic Science
Try to write a perfect rule for recognizing a cat. Read more...
08. Can AI Invent New Scientific Concepts?
08. Can AI Invent New Scientific Concepts?
Before there was a symbol for temperature, people still felt hot and cold. Read more...
07. Prediction Is Not Discovery
07. Prediction Is Not Discovery
A machine predicts tomorrow's tide to the centimeter. Read more...
06. How Does AI Choose the Next Experiment?
06. How Does AI Choose the Next Experiment?
Imagine a laboratory with enough time and material to run only ten experiments. Read more...
Simulation, Robotics, and the Automated Laboratory
05. Simulation, Robotics, and the Automated Laboratory
At 2:00 a.m., a chemistry laboratory is still working. Read more...
Why Verification Is the Bottleneck
04. Why Verification Is the Bottleneck
Imagine an AI programmer and an AI chemist starting work at the same time. Read more...
The Scientific Loop: From Hypothesis to Feedback
03. The Scientific Loop: From Hypothesis to Feedback
A scientist walks into the lab with a good idea. Read more...
What Is AI for Science? AI4S, AI4AI, and RSI
02. What Is AI for Science? AI4S, AI4AI, and RSI
Imagine three research teams working late into the night. Read more...
01. AI for Science: Why Now?
01. AI for Science: Why Now?
Artificial intelligence already exceeds human limits in several important ways. It can read more text than any scientist could absorb in a lifetime, search enormous spaces of possibilities, perform calculations... Read more...
What Should an Advanced Course (or Courses) in Quantum Algorithms and Applications Cover?
What Should an Advanced Course (or Courses) in Quantum Algorithms and Applications Cover?
In my previous article, “What Should an Advanced Undergraduate Course in Quantum Computing Cover?”, I discussed a possible progression from mathematical foundations through qubits, circuits, entanglement, quantum information, and introductory... Read more...
Quantum computing is best learned as a connected body of ideas, not as a collection of gates, programming commands, or isolated algorithms.
What Should an Advanced Undergraduate Course in Quantum Computing Cover?
Quantum computing is increasingly becoming part of the advanced undergraduate curriculum in computer science, engineering, mathematics, and physics. But there is still considerable variation in what an introductory university course... Read more...
This guide explains the mathematics needed at different stages of learning quantum computing, from an introductory course through more advanced study of quantum algorithms and applications.
What Mathematics Is Needed for Quantum Computing?
Quantum computing has a reputation for requiring advanced mathematics, but the mathematical prerequisites are often less extensive than beginners expect. The most important foundation is linear algebra, supported by complex... Read more...
The Scaffolding Series: A Coherent Curriculum for Quantum Computing
The Scaffolding Series: A Coherent Curriculum for Quantum Computing
Quantum computing is inherently interdisciplinary. It draws on mathematics, physics, computer science, and engineering—and that creates an educational challenge. Students often enter the field with strength in one area but... Read more...
Weekly Quantum Computing Literature Digest 2026-07-31
Weekly Quantum Computing Literature Digest 2026-07-31
This week’s literature digest highlights two closely connected developments: recent progress toward practical, verifiable quantum advantage and the growing role of artificial intelligence in quantum error correction. Several papers show... Read more...
Applications of Quantum Computing: Promise, Progress, and Perspective
Applications of Quantum Computing: Promise, Progress, and Perspective
How can we introduce quantum-computing applications to high school students without either overwhelming them with technical details or repeating exaggerated claims? This presentation uses real applications, clear computational questions, and... Read more...
Teaching Quantum Computing to High School Students: A New Rule of Probability
Teaching Quantum Computing to High School Students: A New Rule of Probability
How can we introduce quantum computing to high school students without first teaching complex vectors, matrices, or advanced linear algebra? One effective approach is to begin with something familiar: probability.... Read more...
Weekly Quantum Computing Literature Digest 2026-07-09
Weekly Quantum Computing Literature Digest 2026-07-09
This week’s Weekly Quantum Computing Literature Digest focuses on four papers that are significant because they attack concrete scaling bottlenecks in quantum computing. In quantum chemistry, Das et al. use... Read more...
Post-Quantum Security: A Practical Guide
Post-Quantum Security: A Practical Guide
Quantum computing is advancing, and its eventual effect on widely used cryptographic systems deserves practical attention now. The transition to post-quantum cryptography will take years, but some information encrypted or... Read more...
A Conversation with Dr. Peter Lee on Teaching Quantum Information Science
A Conversation with Dr. Peter Lee on Teaching Quantum Information Science
Photo: Professor Peter Shor (left) and Dr. Peter Lee (right) at Quantum.Tech World 2026. Dr. Peter Lee is a co-author of The Scaffolding Series and was shortlisted for the 2026 Quantum.Tech... Read more...
22: Your Personal PQC Action Plan: What to Do Now, What to Watch, and What to Ignore
22: Your Personal PQC Action Plan: What to Do Now, What to Watch, and What to Ignore
The post-quantum transition is real, but it is not an emergency for every device, account, or encrypted file. Strengthen the practices that matter now, identify long-lived sensitive information, and choose... Read more...
21: How to Choose Quantum-Ready Products: Crypto Agility, Updates, and Honest Security Claims
21: How to Choose Quantum-Ready Products: Crypto Agility, Updates, and Honest Security Claims
You do not need to become a cryptographer to choose products responsibly in the post-quantum transition. The practical test is whether a product can keep improving its cryptography—without forcing users... Read more...
20: Encryption Is Not Enough: Malware, Screenshots, AI Assistants, and Human Error
20: Encryption Is Not Enough: Malware, Screenshots, AI Assistants, and Human Error
Encryption is essential, but it is not a force field around information. It protects data in particular states and channels. Once an authorized device or person exposes readable information, encryption... Read more...
Weekly Quantum Computing Literature Digest 2026-06-14
Weekly Quantum Computing Literature Digest 2026-06-14
This week's quantum computing literature digest presents key advancements in distributed architectures, hardware-software codesign, and coding-theory integrations. The selected papers address core scaling bottlenecks across fault-tolerant error correction and quantum... Read more...
19: The Legacy Hardware Dilemma: What Happens When Devices Stop Receiving Updates?
19: The Legacy Hardware Dilemma: What Happens When Devices Stop Receiving Updates?
Old devices do not become useless because Q-Day arrives. But a device that no longer receives operating-system, browser, certificate, or security updates is unlikely to receive future post-quantum improvements. Over... Read more...
18: Cryptocurrency and Quantum Risk: What Holders Need to Watch
18: Cryptocurrency and Quantum Risk: What Holders Need to Watch
Quantum risk in cryptocurrency is mainly a question of digital signatures and ownership. A blockchain does not store a person’s money in a wallet; it records which cryptographic credentials can... Read more...
17: Software Updates, Digital Signatures, and Why Trust Must Also Become Quantum-Safe
17: Software Updates, Digital Signatures, and Why Trust Must Also Become Quantum-Safe
Post-quantum cryptography is not only about keeping secrets. It is also about preserving trust: knowing that a software update, signed document, certificate, or public record really came from its claimed... Read more...
16: Mobile Wallets, Digital IDs, and Secure Hardware: Security in Your Pocket
16: Mobile Wallets, Digital IDs, and Secure Hardware: Security in Your Pocket
Mobile wallets and digital credentials combine several layers of protection: device authentication, tokenization, protected hardware, encrypted communication, issuer controls, and fraud monitoring. Their public-key components will eventually need a post-quantum... Read more...
15: Passkeys, Multi-Factor Authentication, and Digital Identity After Q-Day
15: Passkeys, Multi-Factor Authentication, and Digital Identity After Q-Day
Authentication is not only about passwords. It is the process by which a service decides whether you are really you—and it increasingly depends on public-key credentials, devices, recovery systems, and... Read more...
14: SSH, VPNs, Wi-Fi, and Remote Access: What Changes in the Post-Quantum Era
14: SSH, VPNs, Wi-Fi, and Remote Access: What Changes in the Post-Quantum Era
Remote access is not made “quantum-safe” merely because it is encrypted. SSH, VPNs, remote desktop tools, and file-transfer systems use several cryptographic functions. The post-quantum transition must upgrade the right... Read more...
13: Private Messaging: Signal, iMessage, WhatsApp, Telegram, and Long-Term Privacy
13: Private Messaging: Signal, iMessage, WhatsApp, Telegram, and Long-Term Privacy
End-to-end encryption is one of the strongest privacy tools available today. But “end-to-end encrypted” does not automatically mean post-quantum secure, immune to screenshots, or safe from every backup and linked... Read more...
12: Online Meetings and Calls: Zoom, Google Meet, Teams, and End-to-End Encryption
12: Online Meetings and Calls: Zoom, Google Meet, Teams, and End-to-End Encryption
“Encrypted meeting” can mean several different things. A meeting may be protected while it travels across the internet, encrypted on the provider’s servers, or protected so that the provider cannot... Read more...
11: HTTPS and Web Browsing: What End Users Need to Know About Quantum-Safe Websites
11: HTTPS and Web Browsing: What End Users Need to Know About Quantum-Safe Websites
Most people will not need to configure post-quantum cryptography in their browser. The browser, operating system, and website operator will perform most of the transition. Your role is to use... Read more...
10: PGP/GPG, Encrypted Email, and the Problem of Old Archives
10: PGP/GPG, Encrypted Email, and the Problem of Old Archives
PGP and GPG remain useful tools, but they show clearly why post-quantum migration matters: a file may use strong symmetric encryption for its contents while relying on a quantum-vulnerable public-key... Read more...
09: Your Most Sensitive Records: Health, Legal, Financial, Academic, and Research Data
09: Your Most Sensitive Records: Health, Legal, Financial, Academic, and Research Data
Post-quantum planning is not mainly about predicting the exact date of Q-Day. It is about recognizing which records could still cause harm if they became public many years from now. Read more...
08: Cloud Storage and Backups: Who Holds the Keys?
08: Cloud Storage and Backups: Who Holds the Keys?
“Encrypted in the cloud” is not one security model. The important questions are who controls the encryption keys, how access can be recovered, and whether the provider can decrypt the... Read more...
07: Password Managers, Master Passwords, and Key Files in the PQC Era
07: Password Managers, Master Passwords, and Key Files in the PQC Era
Password managers remain one of the most useful security tools in the PQC era. They make it practical to use a different strong password for every account, while keeping those... Read more...
06: Smart Homes and IoT Devices: The Hard-to-Upgrade Frontier
06: Smart Homes and IoT Devices: The Hard-to-Upgrade Frontier
Smart-home devices can make a home more convenient, but they are not all designed to receive security or cryptographic upgrades for as long as the physical product remains useful. Their... Read more...
05: Is My Laptop Safe? FileVault, BitLocker, and Device Encryption After Q-Day
05: Is My Laptop Safe? FileVault, BitLocker, and Device Encryption After Q-Day
For a powered-off laptop protected by strong full-disk encryption, Q-Day is not expected to make the contents suddenly readable. FileVault and BitLocker primarily rely on symmetric encryption, which faces a... Read more...
04: What Quantum Computers Can Break—and What They Cannot
04: What Quantum Computers Can Break—and What They Cannot
Quantum computers create a serious problem for some of the public-key cryptography that modern digital systems rely on. They do not make every encryption method, password manager, encrypted disk, or... Read more...